- Introduction
As the largest organ in the human body, the skin plays a multifaceted and crucial role in maintaining homeostasis. It serves as a vital physical barrier, regulating essential functions such as hydration, temperature control, and local immunity [1,2]. The skin shields the body from a variety of external aggressors, including pathogens, ultraviolet radiation, pollution, and harmful chemicals [3,4]. However, these environmental factors can promote the development of persistent skin disorders, such as dermatitis, acne, eczema, rosacea, psoriasis, wounds, and various infections. Such conditions can compromise the skin’s natural protective capabilities and adversely impact the quality of life for affected individuals [5,6]. Similar to the gastrointestinal tract, the skin harbors a complex community of mi croorganisms that interact with the host, protecting against pathogens, modulating the immune response, and preserving the skin barrier integrity [7,8]. The skin microbiome is a dynamic and complex ecosystem influenced by various factors, such as body region, age, gender, and geographic location. Common skin microbiota species include Staphylo coccus epidermidis, Cutibacterium acnes, and Corynebacterium species, each playing distinct
