Dominik Lutter1,2 ● Stephan Sachs3 ● Marc Walter2,3 ● Anna Kerege4 ● Leigh Perreault 4 ● Darcy E. Kahn4 ● Amare D. Wolide1,2,5 ● Maximilian Kleinert 2,6,7 ● Bryan C. Bergman4 ● Susanna M. Hofmann2,3,8

Received: 15 July 2022 /Accepted: 6 December 2022 / Published online: 15 February 2023 © The Author(s) 2023

Abstract Aims/hypothesis Although insulin resistance often leads to type 2 diabetes mellitus, its early stages are often unrecognised, thus reducing the probability of successful prevention and intervention. Moreover, treatment efficacy is affected by the genetics of the individual. We used gene expression profiles from a cross-sectional study to identify potential candidate genes for the prediction of diabetes risk and intervention response.

Methods Using a multivariate regression model, we linked gene expression profiles of human skeletal muscle and intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) to fasting glucose levels and glucose infusion rate. Based on the expression patterns of the top predictive genes, we characterised and compared individual gene expression with clinical classifications using k-nearest neighbour clustering. The predictive potential of the candidate genes identified was validated using muscle gene expression data from a longitudinal intervention study.

Results We found that genes with a strong association with clinical measures clustered into three distinct expression patterns. Their predictive values for insulin resistance varied substantially between skeletal muscle and IMAT. Moreover, we discovered that individual gene expression-based classifications may differ from classifications based predominantly on clinical variables, indicating that participant stratification may be imprecise if only clinical variables are used for classification. Of the 15 top candidate genes, ST3GAL2, AASS, ARF1 and the transcription factor SIN3A are novel candidates for predicting a refined diabetes risk and intervention response.

Conclusion/interpretation Our results confirm that disease progression and successful intervention depend on individual gene expression states. We anticipate that our findings may lead to a better understanding and prediction of individual diabetes risk and may help to develop individualised intervention strategies.

Keywords Computational health . Diabetes subtypes . Glucose intolerance . Insulin resistance . Intermuscular adipose tissue . Obesity . Personalised medicine . Response to treatment prediction . Type 2 diabetes

Dominik Lutter 该Email地址已收到反垃圾邮件插件保护。要显示它您需要在浏览器中启用JavaScript。

* Susanna M. Hofmann 该Email地址已收到反垃圾邮件插件保护。要显示它您需要在浏览器中启用JavaScript。

1 Computational Discovery Research, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC), Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany

2 German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany

3 Institute for Diabetes and Regeneration (IDR-H), Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany

4 University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA

5 Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany

6 Drug Development Unit, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC), Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany

7 Group of Muscle Physiology and Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany

8 Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany

Denise Türk1 iD Nina Scherer1 & Dominik Selzer1 & Christiane Dings1 & Nina Hanke1 & Robert Dallmann2 iD  Matthias Schwab3,4,5 & Peter Timmins 6 iD  Valerie Nock7 & Thorsten Lehr1 iD 

Received: 22 November 2022 /Accepted: 31 January 2023 © The Author(s) 2023

Abstract

Aims/hypothesis The objective was to investigate if metformin pharmacokinetics is modulated by time-of-day in humans using empirical and mechanistic pharmacokinetic modelling techniques on a large clinical dataset. This study also aimed to generate and test hypotheses on the underlying mechanisms, including evidence for chronotype-dependent interindividual differences in metformin plasma and efficacy-related tissue concentrations.

Methods A large clinical dataset consisting of individual metformin plasma and urine measurements was analysed using a newly developed empirical pharmacokinetic model. Causes of daily variation of metformin pharmacokinetics and interindividual variability were further investigated by a literature-informed mechanistic modelling analysis.

Results A significant effect of time-of-day on metformin pharmacokinetics was found. Daily rhythms of gastrointestinal, hepatic and renal processes are described in the literature, possibly affecting drug pharmacokinetics. Observed metformin plasma levels were best described by a combination of a rhythm in GFR, renal plasma flow (RPF) and organic cation transporter (OCT) 2 activity. Furthermore, the large interindividual differences in measured metformin concentrations were best explained by individual chronotypes affecting metformin clearance, with impact on plasma and tissue concentrations that may have implications for metformin efficacy.

Conclusions/interpretation Metformin’s pharmacology significantly depends on time-of-day in humans, determined with the help of empirical and mechanistic pharmacokinetic modelling, and rhythmic GFR, RPF and OCT2 were found to govern intraday variation. Interindividual variation was found to be partly dependent on individual chronotype, suggesting diurnal preference as an interesting, but so-far underappreciated, topic with regard to future personalised chronomodulated therapy in people with type 2 diabetes.

Keywords Chronopharmacology . Empirical modelling . Mechanistic modelling . Metformin . Pharmacokinetics . Renal excretion . Transporter

Thorsten Lehr

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1 Clinical Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany

2 Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK

3 Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany

4 Departments of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

5 Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) ‘Image-guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies’, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

6 Department of Pharmacy, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK

7 Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany

Georgios E. Papanikolaou 1,*, Georgios Gousios 2 and Niels A. J. Cremers 3,4,*iD

1 GP Plastic Surgery Private Practice, P. Dagkli 1, 45444 Ioannina, Greece

2 PharmaLife, I. Vilara 40, 45444 Ioannina, Greece

3 Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands

4 Triticum Exploitatie BV, Sleperweg 44, 6222 NK Maastricht, The Netherlands

*Correspondence: 该Email地址已收到反垃圾邮件插件保护。要显示它您需要在浏览器中启用JavaScript。 (G.E.P.); 该Email地址已收到反垃圾邮件插件保护。要显示它您需要在浏览器中启用JavaScript。 or 该Email地址已收到反垃圾邮件插件保护。要显示它您需要在浏览器中启用JavaScript。 (N.A.J.C.); Tel.: +30-2651-607063 (G.E.P.); +31-43-325-1773 (N.A.J.C.)

Abstract: Management of locally infected heel-pressure ulcers (HPUs) remains challenging, and given the increasing occurrence of infections resistant to antibiotic therapy and patients’ unwillingness to surgery, innovative and effective approaches must be considered. Medical-grade honey (MGH) could be an alternative therapeutic approach due to its broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and healing properties. This study aimed to present the high effectiveness and safety of MGH for the conservative treatment of clinically infected HPUs. In this case series, we have prospectively studied nine patients with local signs of infected HPUs. In all cases, HPUs persisted for more than 4 weeks, and previous treatments with topical antibiotics or antiseptic products were ineffective. All patients were at high-risk to develop HPU infection due to their advanced age (median age of 86 years), several comorbidities, and permanent immobility. All wounds were treated with MGH products (L-Mesitran), leading to infection resolution within 3–4 weeks and complete wound healing without complication. Considering the failure of previous treatments and the chronic nature of the wounds, MGH was an effective treatment. MGH-based products are clinically and cost-effective for treating hard-to-heal pressure ulcers such as HPUs. Thus, MGH can be recommended as an alternative or complementary therapy in wound healing.

Keywords: medical-grade honey; heel-pressure ulcers; infection; antibiotic resistance; wounds; wound healing

Rianneke de Ritter1,2 ● Simone J. S. Sep1,2,3 & Marleen M. J. van Greevenbroek1,2 & Yvo H. A. M. Kusters1,2 & Rimke C. Vos4,5 ● Michiel L. Bots4 ● M. Eline Kooi2,6 ● Pieter C. Dagnelie1,2 ● Simone J. P. M. Eussen2,7,8 ● Miranda T. Schram1,2,9,10 ● Annemarie Koster8,11 ● Martijn C. G. Brouwers 1,2 ● Niels M. R. van der Sangen12 ● Sanne A. E. Peters4,13 ● Carla J. H. van der Kallen1,2 ● Coen D. A. Stehouwer1,2

Received: 27 May 2022 / Accepted: 22 November 2022 / Published online: 20 February 2023 © The Author(s) 2023

Abstract

Aims/hypothesis Obesity is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes. However, body composition differs between women and men. In this study we investigate the association between diabetes status and body composition and whether this association is moderated by sex.

Methods In a population-based cohort study (n=7639; age 40–75 years, 50% women, 25% type 2 diabetes), we estimated the sex-specific associations, and differences therein, of prediabetes (i.e. impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance) and type 2 diabetes (reference: normal glucose metabolism [NGM]) with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)- and MRIderived measures of body composition and with hip circumference. Sex differences were analysed using adjusted regression models with interaction terms of sex-by-diabetes status.

Results Compared with their NGM counterparts, both women and men with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes had more fat and lean mass and a greater hip circumference. The differences in subcutaneous adipose tissue, hip circumference and total and peripheral lean mass between type 2 diabetes and NGM were greater in women than men (women minus men [W–M] mean difference [95% CI]: 15.0 cm2 [1.5, 28.5], 3.2 cm [2.2, 4.1], 690 g [8, 1372] and 443 g [142, 744], respectively). The difference in visceral adipose tissue between type 2 diabetes and NGM was greater in men than women (W–M mean difference [95% CI]: −14.8 cm2 [−26.4, −3.1]). There was no sex difference in the percentage of liver fat between type 2 diabetes and NGM. The differences in measures of body composition between prediabetes and NGM were generally in the same direction, but were not significantly different between women and men.

Conclusions/interpretation This study indicates that there are sex differences in body composition associated with type 2 diabetes. The pathophysiological significance of these sex-associated differences requires further study.

Rianneke de Ritter

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1 Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands

2 CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands

3 Adelante, Center of Expertise in Rehabilitation and Audiology, Hoensbroek, the Netherlands

4 Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands

5 Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Public Health and Primary Care/LUMC-Campus, The Hague, the Netherlands

6 Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands

7 Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands

8 CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands

9 Heart and Vascular Center, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands

10 MHeNs School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands

11 Department of Social Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands

12 Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

13 The George Institute for Global Health, Imperial College London, London, UK

Keywords Body composition . DEXA . Fat mass . Lean mass . Liver fat . MRI . Prediabetes . Sex differences . Type 2 diabetes . Women

Abbreviations

DEXA Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry

GMR Geometric mean ratio

GMS Glucose metabolism status

NGM Normal glucose metabolism

SAT Subcutaneous adipose tissue

VAT Visceral adipose tissue

W–M Women minus men