中国中西医结合学会皮肤性病专业委员会色素病学组 中华医学会皮肤性病学分会白癜风研究中心 中国医师协会皮肤科医师分会色素病工作组

通信作者：何黎，Email：该Email地址已收到反垃圾邮件插件保护。要显示它您需要在浏览器中启用JavaScript。；许爱娥，Email：该Email地址已收到反垃圾邮件插件保护。要显示它您需要在浏览器中启用JavaScript。

【摘要】 目前认为黄褐斑的发病与遗传、日光、性激素等有关，涉及黑素合成增加、皮损处血管增生、炎症反应及皮肤屏障受损等机制。诊断主要依据临床表现和无创检测技术。该指南结合近年研究新进展，全面阐述了黄褐斑的病因及发病机制、临床表现、分期与分型、诊断及治疗等，旨在提高中国皮肤科医师对黄褐斑的诊治水平。

【关键词】 黄褐斑；指南；诊断；治疗

DOI：10.35541/cjd.20200900

Consensus on diagnosis and treatment of melasma in China（2021 version）

Pigmentary Disorder Group, Combination of Traditional and Western Medicine Dermatology; Research Center for Vitiligo, Chinese Society of Dermatology; Working Group on Pigmentary Disorders, China Dermatologist Association

Corresponding authors: He Li, Email: 该Email地址已收到反垃圾邮件插件保护。要显示它您需要在浏览器中启用JavaScript。; Xu Ai′e, Email: 该Email地址已收到反垃圾邮件插件保护。要显示它您需要在浏览器中启用JavaScript。

【Abstract】 At present, exact pathogenesis of melasma remains unclear, genetics, sunlight exposure, sex hormones, etc., are considered as the main causative factors. Its pathogenesis involves excessive melanin synthesis, vascular hyperplasia in skin lesions, inflammation and skin barrier impairment. The diagnosis of melasma mainly relies on clinical manifestations and non⁃invasive detection techniques. Based on research progress in recent years, this consensus comprehensively elaborates the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, staging and classification, diagnosis and treatment of melasma, aiming to improve the diagnosis and treatment of melasma by Chinese dermatologists.

【Key words】 Melasma; Guidelines; Diagnosis; Therapy DOI: 10.35541/cjd.20200900

Zsuzsa Muszka 1,2,4 , Viktória Jenei1,3,4, Rebeka Mácsik1 , Evgeniya Mezhonova1 , Silina Diyab1 , Réka Csősz1 , Attila Bácsi1 , Anett Mázló1✉ and Gábor Koncz 1 ✉

Chronic diseases affecting the cardiovascular system, diabetes mellitus, neurodegenerative diseases, and various other organspecific conditions, involve different underlying pathological processes. However, they share common risk factors that contribute to the development and progression of these diseases, including air pollution, hypertension, obesity, high cholesterol levels, smoking and alcoholism. In this review, we aim to explore the connection between four types of diseases with different etiologies and various risk factors. We highlight that the presence of risk factors induces regulated necrotic cell death, leading to the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), ultimately resulting in sterile inflammation. Therefore, DAMP-mediated inflammation may be the link explaining how risk factors can lead to the development and maintenance of chronic diseases. To explore these processes, we summarize the main cell death pathways activated by the most common life-threatening risk factors, the types of released DAMPs and how these events are associated with the pathophysiology of diseases with the highest mortality.

Cell Death and Disease (2025) 16:273 ; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-025-07563-7

FACTS

Environmental, physiological or behavioral risk factors can induce regulated necrotic cell death and DAMP production.

DAMP-related sterile inflammation plays a role in the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes or alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver diseases.

Current anti-inflammatory treatments do not target the root cause of cell death processes and the release of DAMPs.

OPEN QUESTIONS

To what extent can the harmful effects of risk factors be mitigated by regulating necrotic cell death?

To what extent do the DAMP patterns of pathologies associated with sterile inflammation overlap?

In which diseases can drugs targeting the pathomechanism ofsterile inflammation be used, such as drugs that inhibit the effects of regulated cell death or DAMPs?

1 Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem square 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary. 2 Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem square 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary. 3 Gyula Petrányi Doctoral School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem square 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary. 4 These authors contributed equally: Zsuzsa Muszka, Viktória Jenei. ✉email: 该Email地址已收到反垃圾邮件插件保护。要显示它您需要在浏览器中启用JavaScript。; 该Email地址已收到反垃圾邮件插件保护。要显示它您需要在浏览器中启用JavaScript。 Edited By Massimiliano Agostini

Brigitte DRÉNO1 Isabelle BENOIT2 Eric PERRIER2 Miroslav RADMAN3

1 INSERM, CNRS, Immunology and New Concepts in ImmunoTherapy, INCIT, UMR 1302/EMR6001, Nantes Université, Nantes, France

2 NAOS-ILS, Aix-en-Provence, France,

3 Mediterranean Institute for Life Sciences, Split, Croatia, Naos Institute for Life Sciences, Aix-en-Provence, France, Université R.-Descartes Paris-5, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U1, Paris, France

Reprints: Brigitte Dréno<该Email地址已收到反垃圾邮件插件保护。要显示它您需要在浏览器中启用JavaScript。> <该Email地址已收到反垃圾邮件插件保护。要显示它您需要在浏览器中启用JavaScript。>

Isabelle Benoit <该Email地址已收到反垃圾邮件插件保护。要显示它您需要在浏览器中启用JavaScript。>

Eric Perrier <该Email地址已收到反垃圾邮件插件保护。要显示它您需要在浏览器中启用JavaScript。>

Skin aging is associated with a progressive decline in physiological functions, skin cancers and, ultimately, death. It may be categorized as intrinsic or extrinsic, whereby intrinsic aging is attributed to chrono-logical and genetic factors. At the molecular level, skin aging involves changes in protein conformation and function. The skin proteome changes constantly, mainly through carbonylation; an irreversible phenomenon leading to protein accumulation as toxic aggregates that impair cellular physiology and accelerate skin aging. This review details the central role of proteostasis during skin aging and why proteome protection may be a promising approach in mitigating skin aging. A comprehensive literature review of 87 articles focusing on the proteome, proteostasis, proteotoxicity, protein carbonylation, and the impact of the damaged proteome on aging, and in particular skin aging, was conducted. Skin aging is associated with deficiencies in the repair mechanisms of DNA, transcriptional control, mitochondrial function, cell cycle control, apoptosis, cellular metabolism, changes in hormonal levels secondary to toxicity of damaged proteins, and cell-to-cell communication for tissue homeostasis, which are largely controlled by proteins. In this context, a damaged proteome that leads to the loss of proteostasis may be considered as the first step in tissue aging. There is growing evidence that a healthy proteome plays a central role in skin and in maintaining healthy tissues, thus slow-ing down the process of skin aging. Hence, protecting the proteome against oxidative or other damage may be an appropriate strategy to prevent and delay skin aging.

Keywords: proteome, proteostasis, protein carbonylation, skin aging

Beatrice Dyring-Andersen1,2,3,4, Marianne Bengtson Løvendorf5, Fabian Coscia1 , Alberto Santos1 , Line Bruun Pilgaard Møller1 , Ana R. Colaço1 , Lili Niu1 , Michael Bzorek6, Sophia Doll7, Jørgen Lock Andersen8, Rachael A. Clark2, Lone Skov 4, Marcel B. M. Teunissen 9 & Matthias Mann 1,7✉

Human skin provides both physical integrity and immunological protection from the external environment using functionally distinct layers, cell types and extracellular matrix. Despite its central role in human health and disease, the constituent proteins of skin have not been systematically characterized. Here, we combine advanced tissue dissection methods, flow cytometry and state-of-the-art proteomics to describe a spatially-resolved quantitative pro-teomic atlas of human skin. We quantify 10,701 proteins as a function of their spatial location and cellular origin. The resulting protein atlas and our initial data analyses demonstrate the value of proteomics for understanding cell-type diversity within the skin. We describe the quantitative distribution of structural proteins, known and previously undescribed proteins specific to cellular subsets and those with specialized immunological functions such as cytokines and chemokines. We anticipate that this proteomic atlas of human skin will become an essential community resource for basic and translational research (https://skin.science/).

1Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF) Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. 2Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA. 3 Leo Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. 4Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark. 5 Center for RNA Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Copenhagen, Denmark. 6Department of Surgical Pathology, Zealand University Hospital, Næstved, Denmark. 7Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany. 8Department of Plastic and Breast Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark. 9Department of Dermatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands. ✉email: 该Email地址已收到反垃圾邮件插件保护。要显示它您需要在浏览器中启用JavaScript。