Hydrogen-rich electrolyzed water is a useful mouthwash due to its biofilm-control properties: an in vitro and in vivo study

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01 9月 2026

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Author : 伤口世界

Ha-Young Youn^1,*, Ji-Hye Kim^1,*, Min-Jeong Cho¹ , Su-Hyung Hong² , Eun-Kyong Kim¹

¹ Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea

² Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea

Background: Previous studies have demonstrated the inhibitory effect of hydrogen-rich water on biofilm formation. However, hydrogen-rich electrolyzed water (HEW) has not been evaluated as mouthwash, despite being economical, convenient, and biologically safe. We assessed the antibiofilm effects of HEW on Streptococcus mutans and its potential as a mouthwash.

Methods: The effect of HEW on S. mutans growth was assessed by measuring bacterial colony-forming units, and biofilm formation capacity was examined by crystal violet staining after culturing on a polystyrene plate. The effect of HEW on biofilm formation-related gene expression in S. mutans was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Finally, the effect of HEW on salivary S. mutans and plaque maturation was evaluated in 24 participants; after gargling with HEW twice daily, the salivary S. mutans count was quantified using a Caries Risk Test bacteria kit (Ivoclar Vivadent AG), and plaque maturation was compared using quantitative light-induced fluorescence imaging.

Results: Exposure to HEW resulted in no significant changes in S. mutans growth but a significant reduction in biofilm formation in vitro (p<0.001). Furthermore, the gene expression of glucosyltransferases (gtfB, gtfC) was significantly lower than that in the control group treated with tap water (p<0.05, p<0.01). S. mutans counts and plaque maturation were significantly lower in participants who gargled with HEW than in those who gargled with tap water (p<0.01).

Conclusion: Our data suggest that oral rinsing with HEW exerts antibiofilm effects on S. mutans, indicating that it can be used as a mouthwash to treat dental biofilm-dependent diseases.

Keywords: Biofilms; Dental caries; Electrolysis; Hydrogen; Mouthwashes

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Hydrogen-rich electrolyzed water is a useful mouthwash due to its biofilm-control properties: an in vitro and in vivo study 2026-09-01 00:00

Ha-Young Youn^1,*, Ji-Hye Kim^1,*, Min-Jeong Cho¹ , Su-Hyung Hong² , Eun-Kyong Kim¹

¹ Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea

² Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea

Background: Previous studies have demonstrated the inhibitory effect of hydrogen-rich water on biofilm formation. However, hydrogen-rich electrolyzed water (HEW) has not been evaluated as mouthwash, despite being economical, convenient, and biologically safe. We assessed the antibiofilm effects of HEW on Streptococcus mutans and its potential as a mouthwash.

Methods: The effect of HEW on S. mutans growth was assessed by measuring bacterial colony-forming units, and biofilm formation capacity was examined by crystal violet staining after culturing on a polystyrene plate. The effect of HEW on biofilm formation-related gene expression in S. mutans was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Finally, the effect of HEW on salivary S. mutans and plaque maturation was evaluated in 24 participants; after gargling with HEW twice daily, the salivary S. mutans count was quantified using a Caries Risk Test bacteria kit (Ivoclar Vivadent AG), and plaque maturation was compared using quantitative light-induced fluorescence imaging.

Results: Exposure to HEW resulted in no significant changes in S. mutans growth but a significant reduction in biofilm formation in vitro (p<0.001). Furthermore, the gene expression of glucosyltransferases (gtfB, gtfC) was significantly lower than that in the control group treated with tap water (p<0.05, p<0.01). S. mutans counts and plaque maturation were significantly lower in participants who gargled with HEW than in those who gargled with tap water (p<0.01).

Conclusion: Our data suggest that oral rinsing with HEW exerts antibiofilm effects on S. mutans, indicating that it can be used as a mouthwash to treat dental biofilm-dependent diseases.

Keywords: Biofilms; Dental caries; Electrolysis; Hydrogen; Mouthwashes
Antibacterial efficacy of a pH-neutral electrolyzed super-oxidized solution for nonsurgical periodontal treatment 2026-08-31 00:00

Cynthia Carolina Gonz-alez-Cantú ^a , Angel Torres-Mu -noz ~ ^a , Víctor Hugo Urrutia-Baca ^b,**, Gustavo Adolfo S-anchez-García ^a , Myriam Ang-elica De La Garza-Ramos ^a,*

^a Autonomous University of Nuevo Le-on, Center for Research and Development in Health Sciences (CIDICS), General Odontology and Specialties. Dr. Aguirre Pequeno and ~ Silao St, Mitras Centro, 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico

^b Autonomous University of Nuevo Le-on, School of Biological Sciences. the Immunology and Virology Laboratory. Pedro de Alba and Manuel L. Barragan St, Ciudad Universitaria, 66450, San Nicolas de Los Garza, Nuevo Leon, Mexico

ABSTRACT

Objective: Mouthwash is effective in maintaining oral hygiene in patients; however, there is concern that it may adversely affect human oral mucosa. We evaluated a pH-neutral electrolyzed super-oxidized solution (ESS, tradename OxOral®) combined with dental scaling in periodontitis patients. This longitudinal study was conducted with 34 patients divided into three groups. The control group treated with scaling plus saline, the second with scaling plus ESS mouthwash, and another with scaling plus ESS mouthwash and gel. The plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and probing depth (PD) were determined before and after periodontal treatment. Results: The final PI and GI decreased compared with the initial measurements in the three treatment groups (p < 0.05). Scaling plus ESS mouthwash and gel significantly reduced the final PI, GI, and DP compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Our study shows the antiseptic properties of ESS with mouthwash and gel. Further studies are needed to verify the results.

ARTICLE INFO

Keywords: Adjuvant；Antiseptic ；Dental scaling and root planning；Mouthwash；Periodontal treatment
Effects of stabilized hypochlorous acid on oral biofilm bacteria 2026-08-28 00:00

Olivia Aherne^1,2, Roberto Ortiz² , Magnus M. Fazli^3,4 and Julia R. Davies^1*

Abstract

Background: Caries and periodontitis are amongst the most prevalent diseases worldwide, leading to pain and loss of oral function for those affected. Prevention relies heavily on mechanical removal of dental plaque biofilms but for populations where this is not achievable, alternative plaque control methods are required. With concerns over unde-sirable side-effects and potential bacterial resistance due to the use of chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX), new antimicrobial substances for oral use are greatly needed. Here we have investigated the antimicrobial effect of hypochlorous acid (HOCl), stabilized with acetic acid (HAc), on oral biofilms and compared it to that of CHX. Possible adverse effects of stabilized HOCl on hydroxyapatite surfaces were also examined.

Methods: Single- and mixed-species biofilms of six common oral bacteria (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus gordonii, Actinomyces odontolyticus, Veillonella parvula, Parvimonas micra and Porphyromonas gingivalis) within a flow-cell model were exposed to HOCl stabilized with 0.14% or 2% HAc, pH 4.6, as well as HOCl or HAc alone. Biofilm viability was assessed in situ using confocal laser scanning microscopy following LIVE/DEAD® BacLight™ staining. In-situ quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) was used to study erosion of hydroxyapatite (HA) surfaces by stabilized HOCl.

Results: Low concentrations of HOCl (5 ppm), stabilized with 0.14% or 2% HAc, significantly reduced viability in multi-species biofilms representing supra- and sub-gingival oral communities, after 5 min, without causing erosion of HA surfaces. No equivalent antimicrobial effect was seen for CHX. Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria showed no significant differential suceptibility to stabilized HOCl.

Conclusions: At low concentrations and with exposure times which could be achieved through oral rinsing, HOCl stabilized with HAc had a robust antimicrobial activity on oral biofilms, without causing erosion of HA surfaces or affecting viability of oral keratinocytes. This substance thus appears to offer potential for prevention and/or treatment of oral biofilm-mediated diseases.

Keywords: Biofilm control, Oral disease, Caries, Periodontitis, Oral infection

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