A.Giaccari1 · G. Gliozzo1 · G. Ciccarelli1 · G. Di Giuseppe1 · C. Castellano2 · S. Cum3 · L. Delle Monache4,13 · M. Gallo5 ·M.Lastretti6 · G. Medea7 · M. Monesi8 · R. Napoli9 · B. Pintaudi10 · E. Succurro11 · G. Turchetti
Received: 9 January 2026 / Accepted: 17 March 2026 © The Author(s) 2026
Abstract
Background and aims Although continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices are now standard of care among Type 1 diabetes patients, they are still relatively underutilized in Type 2 diabetes (T2D), particularly in those patients not treated with insulin. Widespread adoption continues to be hindered by a combination of factors. Chief among these is the scarcity of long-term, large-scale clinical trials demonstrating the benefits of the use of CGM in T2D. This meta-analysis aimed to address this gap by comparing CGM with self-blood glucose monitoring (SBMG), with primary outcomes of HbA1c and time in range (TIR) in insulin-treated and non-insulin-treated TD2 patients.
Methods and results Following the stringent rules mandated by our National Health Service (which requires a panel com-posed of all stakeholders involved in diabetes treatment, and includes PICO, GRADE, AGREE, and meta-analyses), we performed a systematic review of RCTs that enrolled two groups of individuals with T2D, those treated with insulin (includ-ing basal and basal-bolus regimens), and those receiving treatments other than insulin. All included trials compared CGM with structured blood glucose monitoring (SBGM) with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) as the main endpoint. Based on the strength and consistency of the evidence, the panel issued a strong recommendation in favor of CGM for individuals with T2D treated with insulin (including those on basal insulin alone) and for individuals with T2D not treated with insulin, par-ticularly for those with glycated hemoglobin levels≥7%. From a pharmacoeconomic perspective, outcomes were positive in both patient groups.
Conclusion CGM represents a clinically effective and cost-efficient approach to optimizing glycemic control in T2D, becom-ing mandatory among individuals on insulin therapy. Our findings support a shift in clinical practice toward the more widespread use of CGM in T2D, with regulatory frameworks and reimbursement policies needing to adapt accordingly.
Keywords CGM · Type 2 Diabetes · Metanalysis · PICO · GRADE · Guidelines
Communicated by Massimo Federici, M.D.
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1 Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS and Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
2 Azienda USL of Modena, Sassuolo Hospital, Sassuolo, Italy
3 Diabetes and Diabetic Foot Care Unit, ASUGI, Monfalcone, Italy
4 National Board Member of FAND (Italian Association for the Rights of Diabetic People), Roma, Italy
5 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, AO SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy
6 Order of Psychologists of Lazio, Rome, Italy
7 Italian Society of General Medicine (SIMG), Florence, Italy
8 Territorial Diabetology Unit, AUSL Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
9 Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
10 Diabetes Unit, Niguarda Cà Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy
11 Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
12 Institute of Management, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
13 Patient Advocacy Lab, ALTEMS – Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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引用本文:简喜超, 简扬, 邓呈亮. 2025版《中国糖尿病足防治实践指南》解读[J]. 中华医学美学美容杂志, 2026, 32(2): 99-103. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn114657-20251215-00266.
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伤口世界,是倡导远程、就近和居家管理慢性伤口的连接、整合和拓展线上和线下资源的平台生态圈。解决了伤口专家碎片化时间的价值创造、诊疗经验的裂变复制,和患者的就近、居家、低成本管理慢性伤口的问题。
伤口是正常皮肤组织在外界致病因子如:外科手术、外力、热、电流、化学物质、低温、以及机体内在因素(如:如局部血液供应障碍)等作用下导致的损害。常伴有皮肤完整性的破坏以及一定量正常组织的丢失,同时,皮肤的正常功能受损。
伤口愈合的过程:
1、伤口愈合是一个复杂的过程,所有类型的伤口愈合顺序都是相同的;
2、不论是何种伤口或创伤有多严重,伤口愈合的机制均为以下两点:
①再生重建;
②结缔组织形成疤痕以替代受损组织。
3、痊愈的过程是由几个环节组成的:
①血管反应;②细胞激活;③化学介质的释放。
慢性、不愈性伤口往往花费大量的人力物力,延长住院时间,增加死亡率,增加医疗纠纷发生率,导致病人生活方式,心理上完好性的多项改变。
在过去的几十年中,伤口愈合和护理有了巨大的发展,现在各种新颖的技术如:生长因子,生物皮肤,局部负压治疗,热疗,氧疗和各科其它治疗都相继进入临床。纵然这些治疗具有优越性,但即使是最高级的产品也需要恰当的伤口护理和伤口床的准备,以发挥理想的功能。
伤口管理:管理就是制定,执行,检查和改进。
制定:制定伤口管理的具体计划。
执行(实施):按照计划去做,实施伤口管理的具体方案。
检查:将执行的过程或结果与伤口管理的计划进行对比,总结出经验,找出差距。改进:检查总结出的经验,转变成长效机制或新的伤口管理规定。
伤口需要评估,皮肤需要观察,记录需要准确,伤口和皮肤需要一致,预防措施的实施需要常规进行,医生和患者及时有效的沟通,以及患者的自我保护和医生的责任心,这些都是伤口管理过程中不可或缺的部分。
要提高伤口护理的质量,首先需要建立健全伤口品质控制组织;其次要有经过培训的专业质量控制人员即伤口管理小组;三是严格落实质量检查标准,按标准进行控制;四是对检查控制结果进行有效评估。如此才能真正对伤口品质管理有一个持续性的检测和提高。
健康、关爱、诚信、务实、开拓、创新
让天下没有治不好的伤口。Chinomise, no incurable wound in the world.
伤口世界平台生态圈,以“关爱人间所有伤口患者”为愿景,连接、整合和拓展线上和线下的管理慢性伤口的资源,倡导远程、就近和居家管理慢性伤口,解决伤口专家的碎片化时间的价值创造、诊疗经验的裂变复制、和患者的就近、居家和低成本管理慢性伤口的问题。
2019广东省医疗行业协会伤口管理分会年会
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