A.Giaccari1 · G. Gliozzo1 · G. Ciccarelli1 · G. Di Giuseppe1 · C. Castellano2 · S. Cum3 · L. Delle Monache4,13 · M. Gallo5 ·M.Lastretti6 · G. Medea7 · M. Monesi8 · R. Napoli9 · B. Pintaudi10 · E. Succurro11 · G. Turchetti
Received: 9 January 2026 / Accepted: 17 March 2026 © The Author(s) 2026
Abstract
Background and aims Although continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices are now standard of care among Type 1 diabetes patients, they are still relatively underutilized in Type 2 diabetes (T2D), particularly in those patients not treated with insulin. Widespread adoption continues to be hindered by a combination of factors. Chief among these is the scarcity of long-term, large-scale clinical trials demonstrating the benefits of the use of CGM in T2D. This meta-analysis aimed to address this gap by comparing CGM with self-blood glucose monitoring (SBMG), with primary outcomes of HbA1c and time in range (TIR) in insulin-treated and non-insulin-treated TD2 patients.
Methods and results Following the stringent rules mandated by our National Health Service (which requires a panel com-posed of all stakeholders involved in diabetes treatment, and includes PICO, GRADE, AGREE, and meta-analyses), we performed a systematic review of RCTs that enrolled two groups of individuals with T2D, those treated with insulin (includ-ing basal and basal-bolus regimens), and those receiving treatments other than insulin. All included trials compared CGM with structured blood glucose monitoring (SBGM) with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) as the main endpoint. Based on the strength and consistency of the evidence, the panel issued a strong recommendation in favor of CGM for individuals with T2D treated with insulin (including those on basal insulin alone) and for individuals with T2D not treated with insulin, par-ticularly for those with glycated hemoglobin levels≥7%. From a pharmacoeconomic perspective, outcomes were positive in both patient groups.
Conclusion CGM represents a clinically effective and cost-efficient approach to optimizing glycemic control in T2D, becom-ing mandatory among individuals on insulin therapy. Our findings support a shift in clinical practice toward the more widespread use of CGM in T2D, with regulatory frameworks and reimbursement policies needing to adapt accordingly.
Keywords CGM · Type 2 Diabetes · Metanalysis · PICO · GRADE · Guidelines
Communicated by Massimo Federici, M.D.
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1 Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS and Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
2 Azienda USL of Modena, Sassuolo Hospital, Sassuolo, Italy
3 Diabetes and Diabetic Foot Care Unit, ASUGI, Monfalcone, Italy
4 National Board Member of FAND (Italian Association for the Rights of Diabetic People), Roma, Italy
5 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, AO SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy
6 Order of Psychologists of Lazio, Rome, Italy
7 Italian Society of General Medicine (SIMG), Florence, Italy
8 Territorial Diabetology Unit, AUSL Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
9 Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
10 Diabetes Unit, Niguarda Cà Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy
11 Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
12 Institute of Management, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
13 Patient Advocacy Lab, ALTEMS – Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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引用本文:简喜超, 简扬, 邓呈亮. 2025版《中国糖尿病足防治实践指南》解读[J]. 中华医学美学美容杂志, 2026, 32(2): 99-103. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn114657-20251215-00266.
通信作者:邓呈亮,Email:该Email地址已收到反垃圾邮件插件保护。要显示它您需要在浏览器中启用JavaScript。
原创: 青藤 糖尿病之友
每位糖尿病患者都有可能发生糖尿病足,但不是每位糖尿病患者都知道远离糖尿病足的方法,本文就告诉您答案。
1每天洗脚
用温水(40℃,用手摸上去不烫)和无刺激性的肥皂清洗双脚,浸泡5-10分钟。然后用白色毛巾擦干,包括脚趾缝。
2保持足部和足趾之间的干燥
易出脚汗的糖友,擦干脚后,可以抹上爽身粉。足部干燥者涂抹护肤品,如硅霜、凡士林等。
3每天检查双脚的每一个部位
看有无破损,一旦发生破损,及早采取处理措施。
4泡完脚后及时修剪趾甲
要平剪趾甲,有嵌甲者避免把皮肤剪破。
5胼胝不要自己剪
如果因足底受力不均,导致胼胝,一定不要自己修剪,因为特别容易剪破,应找专业的医生处理。建议穿着宽松、舒适的软底鞋,不要经常穿布鞋。有条件的糖尿病患者可以穿特制的治疗鞋,配上特制的鞋垫,分散足底压力,减少胼胝的形成。
6鸡眼要到医院修理
如果有鸡眼,一定邀请专业的医生治疗,不要让街头修脚的人治疗。
7穿干净松口棉袜
穿干净舒适的棉袜,不穿有破洞或补丁的袜子,不穿不吸汗的尼龙袜,袜子的袜口要松,太紧会影响足部血液循环。
8不赤脚走路
任何时候不要赤脚走路,以免足部皮肤受损。在家里最好穿软底布鞋,不要穿塑料拖鞋(容易磨脚)。
9选对鞋子,穿对鞋子
鞋子要宽大,留有一指的距离,透气性好,不赤脚穿鞋,不穿夹脚趾的凉鞋,不穿高跟鞋。穿鞋前要检查鞋内有无异物。穿新鞋第一天别超过半小时,第二天别超过1小时,逐渐延长新鞋的穿着时间。
10避免烫伤
冬季不用电褥子、热水袋,不洗桑拿浴,不用温热型的家庭理疗仪。
11避免冻伤
冬天要穿保暖性好的鞋子,被雨水打湿要及时更换。
12避免不良行为
首先戒烟,吸烟严重者容易引起周围血管病变。其次,不要长时间翘二郎腿,以免阻碍下肢血液循环。
13及时处理破溃的皮肤
皮肤破溃容易引发感染,即使小的伤口也要及时用生理盐水清洗,用无菌纱布包扎,最好到医院由医生处理。
14预防脚上出现水疱
这就需要避免烫伤,不穿太紧的鞋子,避免过度摩擦,去阳光强烈的地区注意涂上防晒霜。因为水疱破溃后容易引起细菌感染、溃烂,加重病情。
15每次就医时,请医生看一下您的脚
发现趾甲周围有红肿、流脓等症状时,及时处理。请医生摸一下您的足背动脉搏动情况,争取早期发现足部异常,及时采取治疗措施。
16全面达标
糖尿病患者一定要把血糖、血脂、血压、体重,全面控制达标,以避免糖尿病糖尿病神经病和血管病变的发生,从而有效预防糖尿病足。
多一个人看到,多一个人和家庭免受糖尿病足之害,欢迎分享转发。
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