A.Giaccari1 · G. Gliozzo1 · G. Ciccarelli1 · G. Di Giuseppe1 · C. Castellano2 · S. Cum3 · L. Delle Monache4,13 · M. Gallo5 ·M.Lastretti6 · G. Medea7 · M. Monesi8 · R. Napoli9 · B. Pintaudi10 · E. Succurro11 · G. Turchetti
Received: 9 January 2026 / Accepted: 17 March 2026 © The Author(s) 2026
Abstract
Background and aims Although continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices are now standard of care among Type 1 diabetes patients, they are still relatively underutilized in Type 2 diabetes (T2D), particularly in those patients not treated with insulin. Widespread adoption continues to be hindered by a combination of factors. Chief among these is the scarcity of long-term, large-scale clinical trials demonstrating the benefits of the use of CGM in T2D. This meta-analysis aimed to address this gap by comparing CGM with self-blood glucose monitoring (SBMG), with primary outcomes of HbA1c and time in range (TIR) in insulin-treated and non-insulin-treated TD2 patients.
Methods and results Following the stringent rules mandated by our National Health Service (which requires a panel com-posed of all stakeholders involved in diabetes treatment, and includes PICO, GRADE, AGREE, and meta-analyses), we performed a systematic review of RCTs that enrolled two groups of individuals with T2D, those treated with insulin (includ-ing basal and basal-bolus regimens), and those receiving treatments other than insulin. All included trials compared CGM with structured blood glucose monitoring (SBGM) with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) as the main endpoint. Based on the strength and consistency of the evidence, the panel issued a strong recommendation in favor of CGM for individuals with T2D treated with insulin (including those on basal insulin alone) and for individuals with T2D not treated with insulin, par-ticularly for those with glycated hemoglobin levels≥7%. From a pharmacoeconomic perspective, outcomes were positive in both patient groups.
Conclusion CGM represents a clinically effective and cost-efficient approach to optimizing glycemic control in T2D, becom-ing mandatory among individuals on insulin therapy. Our findings support a shift in clinical practice toward the more widespread use of CGM in T2D, with regulatory frameworks and reimbursement policies needing to adapt accordingly.
Keywords CGM · Type 2 Diabetes · Metanalysis · PICO · GRADE · Guidelines
Communicated by Massimo Federici, M.D.
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1 Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS and Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
2 Azienda USL of Modena, Sassuolo Hospital, Sassuolo, Italy
3 Diabetes and Diabetic Foot Care Unit, ASUGI, Monfalcone, Italy
4 National Board Member of FAND (Italian Association for the Rights of Diabetic People), Roma, Italy
5 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, AO SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy
6 Order of Psychologists of Lazio, Rome, Italy
7 Italian Society of General Medicine (SIMG), Florence, Italy
8 Territorial Diabetology Unit, AUSL Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
9 Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
10 Diabetes Unit, Niguarda Cà Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy
11 Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
12 Institute of Management, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
13 Patient Advocacy Lab, ALTEMS – Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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引用本文:简喜超, 简扬, 邓呈亮. 2025版《中国糖尿病足防治实践指南》解读[J]. 中华医学美学美容杂志, 2026, 32(2): 99-103. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn114657-20251215-00266.
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作者:石际俊
苏州大学附属第二医院、神经内科主治医师,擅长脑血管病、神经介入。
王先生患糖尿病十几年了,一直在服用降糖药,但效果时好时坏,也没有每天测血糖的习惯最近王先生很苦恼,经常感觉手脚麻木,每天晚上睡觉两条腿就像被针扎了一样,经常疼的夜不能寐。到医院的骨科、皮肤科和内科查来查去也没有查出什么问题,而且现在症状越来越重,前几天开水溅到手上,居然一点感觉都没有!
对于糖尿病患者,当出现手脚麻木、针刺样疼痛、感觉减退或异常时,需要警惕糖尿病神经病变。
糖友的神经为何容易受伤?
神经系统是摸不着的信号传导通道,遍布全身,因此糖尿病神经病变会广泛波及各组织器官,其中最常见的是周围神经病变。
糖尿病周围神经病变可造成脚趾、足、腿等肢体疼痛及感觉丧失,突出表现为两下肢麻木,伴有针刺样及烧灼样疼痛。因不易察觉的小的足部皮肤损伤而导致溃疡出现、加重最后甚至需要截肢。
糖尿病周围神经病变有多严重?
患病率高:60.3%糖尿病患者伴有糖尿病周围神经病变!
起病隐匿:30%-40%糖尿病周围神经病变患者早期无症状不易被察觉!
危险性大:如不及时治疗,增加了糖尿病足和截肢、心脏自主神经病变和猝死的风险,每天每20秒就有一人因糖尿病足而截肢!
如何早期发现糖尿病周围神经病变,远离隐形杀手?
糖尿病周围神经病变通常发病隐匿,早期诊断和防治很关键。如果在症状早期就及时诊断和治疗,可以延缓症状的进展。
糖友应养成每天自查足部的习惯,有助于及时发现潜在问题,日常检查的内容包括:各种损伤,擦伤,皮肤温度、颜色,肿胀溃疡等。每年至少找医生做一次详尽的足部检查和神经病变检查。
当糖尿病遇上神经病变,如何淡定接招?
一旦确诊了痛性糖尿病周围神经病就应该积极地采取治疗,治疗方式通常分为两类:病因治疗和对症治疗。
病因治疗:
对症治疗:
主要是用于治疗痛性糖尿病神经病变的药物,例如抗惊厥药、抗抑郁药、阿片止痛药和局部止痛药。
糖尿病周围神经病变具有发病隐匿性和症状多样性的特点,广大糖友应控制好血糖水平,以延迟或阻止神经病变的发生。
如果已经发生周围神经病变,除要强化降糖治疗和进一步加强饮食疗法、运动疗法等,同时可根据医嘱进行病因治疗或对症治疗,以便更好地控制病情,改善症状。
伤口世界平台生态圈,以“关爱人间所有伤口患者”为愿景,连接、整合和拓展线上和线下的管理慢性伤口的资源,倡导远程、就近和居家管理慢性伤口,解决伤口专家的碎片化时间的价值创造、诊疗经验的裂变复制、和患者的就近、居家和低成本管理慢性伤口的问题。
2019广东省医疗行业协会伤口管理分会年会
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