A.Giaccari1 · G. Gliozzo1 · G. Ciccarelli1 · G. Di Giuseppe1 · C. Castellano2 · S. Cum3 · L. Delle Monache4,13 · M. Gallo5 ·M.Lastretti6 · G. Medea7 · M. Monesi8 · R. Napoli9 · B. Pintaudi10 · E. Succurro11 · G. Turchetti
Received: 9 January 2026 / Accepted: 17 March 2026 © The Author(s) 2026
Abstract
Background and aims Although continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices are now standard of care among Type 1 diabetes patients, they are still relatively underutilized in Type 2 diabetes (T2D), particularly in those patients not treated with insulin. Widespread adoption continues to be hindered by a combination of factors. Chief among these is the scarcity of long-term, large-scale clinical trials demonstrating the benefits of the use of CGM in T2D. This meta-analysis aimed to address this gap by comparing CGM with self-blood glucose monitoring (SBMG), with primary outcomes of HbA1c and time in range (TIR) in insulin-treated and non-insulin-treated TD2 patients.
Methods and results Following the stringent rules mandated by our National Health Service (which requires a panel com-posed of all stakeholders involved in diabetes treatment, and includes PICO, GRADE, AGREE, and meta-analyses), we performed a systematic review of RCTs that enrolled two groups of individuals with T2D, those treated with insulin (includ-ing basal and basal-bolus regimens), and those receiving treatments other than insulin. All included trials compared CGM with structured blood glucose monitoring (SBGM) with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) as the main endpoint. Based on the strength and consistency of the evidence, the panel issued a strong recommendation in favor of CGM for individuals with T2D treated with insulin (including those on basal insulin alone) and for individuals with T2D not treated with insulin, par-ticularly for those with glycated hemoglobin levels≥7%. From a pharmacoeconomic perspective, outcomes were positive in both patient groups.
Conclusion CGM represents a clinically effective and cost-efficient approach to optimizing glycemic control in T2D, becom-ing mandatory among individuals on insulin therapy. Our findings support a shift in clinical practice toward the more widespread use of CGM in T2D, with regulatory frameworks and reimbursement policies needing to adapt accordingly.
Keywords CGM · Type 2 Diabetes · Metanalysis · PICO · GRADE · Guidelines
Communicated by Massimo Federici, M.D.
A. Giaccari 该Email地址已收到反垃圾邮件插件保护。要显示它您需要在浏览器中启用JavaScript。
1 Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS and Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
2 Azienda USL of Modena, Sassuolo Hospital, Sassuolo, Italy
3 Diabetes and Diabetic Foot Care Unit, ASUGI, Monfalcone, Italy
4 National Board Member of FAND (Italian Association for the Rights of Diabetic People), Roma, Italy
5 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, AO SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy
6 Order of Psychologists of Lazio, Rome, Italy
7 Italian Society of General Medicine (SIMG), Florence, Italy
8 Territorial Diabetology Unit, AUSL Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
9 Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
10 Diabetes Unit, Niguarda Cà Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy
11 Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
12 Institute of Management, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
13 Patient Advocacy Lab, ALTEMS – Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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引用本文:简喜超, 简扬, 邓呈亮. 2025版《中国糖尿病足防治实践指南》解读[J]. 中华医学美学美容杂志, 2026, 32(2): 99-103. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn114657-20251215-00266.
通信作者:邓呈亮,Email:该Email地址已收到反垃圾邮件插件保护。要显示它您需要在浏览器中启用JavaScript。
原创: 邓焕新 糖尿病之友
今年11月8日立冬,天气逐渐寒冷,很多患者因天气影响导致心脑血管等多种并发症而死亡。为了安全度过严寒的冬天,我采取以下6个方法,战胜了严寒,平安度过了45个冬天,现将我的经验分享给大家。
01
坚持饮食调理
饮食是控制糖尿病的基础,只要这个基础打牢了,12级台风也不怕。在饮食上我既注意数量,也讲究质量,每天吃3餐,6两米,既不多吃,也不少吃,更不乱吃,在品种上多样化,荤素搭配。
为了“保口福”,我什么食品都吃,若吃了瓜子、花生、糖果等副食品,就按照“食品交换份”减少相应的主食量,或者加大运动量或降糖药的用量,使血糖保持相对稳定。冬天吃鱼、豆制品等高蛋白质、低糖、低脂、低盐饮食,不抽烟,不喝酒,参加宴请不大吃大喝。
02
坚持运功锻炼
运动锻炼有降糖、降脂、减肥、增加血管弹性、提高心肺功能等多种作用,是防治糖尿病及其并发症最方便、最安全、最经济实惠、最行之有效的方法。我每天都运用锻练这个有力“武器”与“糖魔”作斗争。清早醒来就在床上按摩全身,掀开被子抖动双腿。下床后做《健身功》,从上至下全身拍打抖动。早、晚餐后半小时到林荫道上散步,每次不少于40分钟。雨雪天在自家阳台上做操或练功,持之以恒,从来没有间断过。
03
坚持自我监测
监测是检验治疗效果的“晴雨表”“透视镜”。现在很多医院、诊所基本上要到上午8点钟才能开门。为了能准确地检测8点钟之前的空腹血糖和尿糖,我购买了血糖仪和尿糖试纸,自已在家里进行监测,这样既方便,又准确。
若身体出现不适,就随时监测,根据监测结果及时调整治疗方案。
04
预防感冒和冻伤
古语说:“祸从口出,寒从脚起”。冬天是流感高发季节,为了预防感冒和冻伤我采取以下措施:
05
讲究环境卫生,防止病菌侵袭
糖尿病患者长期带病劳作,身体扺抗力很差,容易被病菌侵袭。为此我在卫生上下功夫。
①不吃霉烂变质的食物,防止病从口入。
②多穿衣服,注意保暖,防止风寒侵袭。
③讲究环境卫生,防止病菌入体。冬天天气再冷我也做到勤洗澡,勤换衣服。
一般三五天洗个热水澡,将内衣、内裤、袜子全部清洗干净,清除脚板、脚趾的污垢,每半个月将手指甲、脚趾甲修剪一次,使病菌无藏身之处。
06
预防摔跤
冬天天寒地冻,雨雪天道路很滑,我在冬天一般不外岀。即使外出也结伴而行,万一摔倒了有人救助。如果一定要雨雪天外出,我会头戴防护帽,脚穿防滑鞋,举着拐仗慢慢行走。40多个冬天我没有摔过跤。
作者:邓焕新
怀化市糖尿病康复协会荣誉会长
中国糖龄王
中国医师协会《华夏医魂》丛书特邀编委
伤口世界平台生态圈,以“关爱人间所有伤口患者”为愿景,连接、整合和拓展线上和线下的管理慢性伤口的资源,倡导远程、就近和居家管理慢性伤口,解决伤口专家的碎片化时间的价值创造、诊疗经验的裂变复制、和患者的就近、居家和低成本管理慢性伤口的问题。
2019广东省医疗行业协会伤口管理分会年会
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