A.Giaccari1 · G. Gliozzo1 · G. Ciccarelli1 · G. Di Giuseppe1 · C. Castellano2 · S. Cum3 · L. Delle Monache4,13 · M. Gallo5 ·M.Lastretti6 · G. Medea7 · M. Monesi8 · R. Napoli9 · B. Pintaudi10 · E. Succurro11 · G. Turchetti
Received: 9 January 2026 / Accepted: 17 March 2026 © The Author(s) 2026
Abstract
Background and aims Although continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices are now standard of care among Type 1 diabetes patients, they are still relatively underutilized in Type 2 diabetes (T2D), particularly in those patients not treated with insulin. Widespread adoption continues to be hindered by a combination of factors. Chief among these is the scarcity of long-term, large-scale clinical trials demonstrating the benefits of the use of CGM in T2D. This meta-analysis aimed to address this gap by comparing CGM with self-blood glucose monitoring (SBMG), with primary outcomes of HbA1c and time in range (TIR) in insulin-treated and non-insulin-treated TD2 patients.
Methods and results Following the stringent rules mandated by our National Health Service (which requires a panel com-posed of all stakeholders involved in diabetes treatment, and includes PICO, GRADE, AGREE, and meta-analyses), we performed a systematic review of RCTs that enrolled two groups of individuals with T2D, those treated with insulin (includ-ing basal and basal-bolus regimens), and those receiving treatments other than insulin. All included trials compared CGM with structured blood glucose monitoring (SBGM) with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) as the main endpoint. Based on the strength and consistency of the evidence, the panel issued a strong recommendation in favor of CGM for individuals with T2D treated with insulin (including those on basal insulin alone) and for individuals with T2D not treated with insulin, par-ticularly for those with glycated hemoglobin levels≥7%. From a pharmacoeconomic perspective, outcomes were positive in both patient groups.
Conclusion CGM represents a clinically effective and cost-efficient approach to optimizing glycemic control in T2D, becom-ing mandatory among individuals on insulin therapy. Our findings support a shift in clinical practice toward the more widespread use of CGM in T2D, with regulatory frameworks and reimbursement policies needing to adapt accordingly.
Keywords CGM · Type 2 Diabetes · Metanalysis · PICO · GRADE · Guidelines
Communicated by Massimo Federici, M.D.
A. Giaccari 该Email地址已收到反垃圾邮件插件保护。要显示它您需要在浏览器中启用JavaScript。
1 Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS and Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
2 Azienda USL of Modena, Sassuolo Hospital, Sassuolo, Italy
3 Diabetes and Diabetic Foot Care Unit, ASUGI, Monfalcone, Italy
4 National Board Member of FAND (Italian Association for the Rights of Diabetic People), Roma, Italy
5 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, AO SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy
6 Order of Psychologists of Lazio, Rome, Italy
7 Italian Society of General Medicine (SIMG), Florence, Italy
8 Territorial Diabetology Unit, AUSL Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
9 Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
10 Diabetes Unit, Niguarda Cà Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy
11 Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
12 Institute of Management, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
13 Patient Advocacy Lab, ALTEMS – Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
版权归中华医学会所有。
未经授权,不得转载、摘编本刊文章。
引用本文:简喜超, 简扬, 邓呈亮. 2025版《中国糖尿病足防治实践指南》解读[J]. 中华医学美学美容杂志, 2026, 32(2): 99-103. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn114657-20251215-00266.
通信作者:邓呈亮,Email:该Email地址已收到反垃圾邮件插件保护。要显示它您需要在浏览器中启用JavaScript。
原创: 段洪刚 糖尿病之友
11月14日是联合国糖尿病日,今年的主题为“家庭与糖尿病”,研究发现青少年2型糖尿病发病率逐渐增加,如果青少年及家人拥有防治糖尿病的意识和技巧,就可以早预防,早诊断,早治疗糖尿病,或许还有逆转的可能。
糖尿病的年轻化
2018年12月20日《新英格兰医学杂志》上发表的1990-2016年全球各国各地区终生卒中风险的统计研究表明,90后已成中风高发人群,其根源是2型糖尿病的年轻化。
2019年9月17日,欧洲糖尿病研究协会年会上发表的一项英国研究显示,自2000年以来,被诊断患有2型糖尿病的年轻人的比例从9.5%上升到12.5%。在中国,十几岁被诊断出患有2型糖尿病的年轻人也逐年增加,甚至20几岁就出现了严重糖尿病并发症。
所以广大青少年和家长应该了解什么是糖尿病、哪些人容易得糖尿病以及如何预防糖尿病,以便早预防,早诊断,早治疗。
什么是糖尿病?
糖尿病是一组以高血糖为特征的代谢性疾病,主要表现为多尿、多饮、多食、体重下降、疲乏无力及视物模糊等。血糖是诊断的唯一标准,空腹血糖≥7.0mmol/L,和(或)餐后2小时血糖≥11.1mmol/L,即可诊断糖尿病。
糖尿病需要综合管理,包括:糖尿病患者的教育、自我血糖监测、饮食治疗、运动治疗和药物治疗等。若控制不佳,可导致失明、截肢、中风、心梗、肾衰等各种急慢性并发症。
哪些青少年容易得糖尿病?
青少年中糖尿病高危人群是指:青少年中,超重(BMI>相应年龄值、性别的第85百分位)或肥胖(BMI>相应年龄、性别的第95百分位)且合并下列任何一个危险因素者:
几岁开始筛查?
青少年的糖尿病高危人群,应该从10岁开始,但青春期提前的个体则推荐从青春期开始。首次筛查结果正常者,宜每3年至少重复筛查一次。
如何知道是否得了糖尿病?
糖尿病筛查的方法:空腹血糖检查是简单易行的糖尿病筛查方法,宜作为常规的筛查方法,正常人空腹血糖3.9~6.1mmol/L。但是,空腹血糖有漏诊的可能性,条件允许时,应尽可能行口服葡萄糖耐量试验,口服75克葡萄糖后2小时抽血测血糖,正常人<7.8mmol/L。
如何预防糖尿病?
青少年“糖人”少部分是自身遗传、免疫缺陷等先天因素所导致的,更大一部分是后天不良的生活习惯诱发的。强化生活方式干预可预防2型糖尿病。具体目标是:
作者:段洪刚 聊城市人民医院(三级甲等)内分泌科主治医师
伤口世界平台生态圈,以“关爱人间所有伤口患者”为愿景,连接、整合和拓展线上和线下的管理慢性伤口的资源,倡导远程、就近和居家管理慢性伤口,解决伤口专家的碎片化时间的价值创造、诊疗经验的裂变复制、和患者的就近、居家和低成本管理慢性伤口的问题。
2019广东省医疗行业协会伤口管理分会年会
扫一扫了解详情:
任何关于疾病的建议都不能替代执业医师的面对面诊断。所有门诊时间仅供参考,最终以医院当日公布为准。
网友、医生言论仅代表其个人观点,不代表本站同意其说法,请谨慎参阅,本站不承担由此引起的法律责任。