A.Giaccari1 · G. Gliozzo1 · G. Ciccarelli1 · G. Di Giuseppe1 · C. Castellano2 · S. Cum3 · L. Delle Monache4,13 · M. Gallo5 ·M.Lastretti6 · G. Medea7 · M. Monesi8 · R. Napoli9 · B. Pintaudi10 · E. Succurro11 · G. Turchetti
Received: 9 January 2026 / Accepted: 17 March 2026 © The Author(s) 2026
Abstract
Background and aims Although continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices are now standard of care among Type 1 diabetes patients, they are still relatively underutilized in Type 2 diabetes (T2D), particularly in those patients not treated with insulin. Widespread adoption continues to be hindered by a combination of factors. Chief among these is the scarcity of long-term, large-scale clinical trials demonstrating the benefits of the use of CGM in T2D. This meta-analysis aimed to address this gap by comparing CGM with self-blood glucose monitoring (SBMG), with primary outcomes of HbA1c and time in range (TIR) in insulin-treated and non-insulin-treated TD2 patients.
Methods and results Following the stringent rules mandated by our National Health Service (which requires a panel com-posed of all stakeholders involved in diabetes treatment, and includes PICO, GRADE, AGREE, and meta-analyses), we performed a systematic review of RCTs that enrolled two groups of individuals with T2D, those treated with insulin (includ-ing basal and basal-bolus regimens), and those receiving treatments other than insulin. All included trials compared CGM with structured blood glucose monitoring (SBGM) with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) as the main endpoint. Based on the strength and consistency of the evidence, the panel issued a strong recommendation in favor of CGM for individuals with T2D treated with insulin (including those on basal insulin alone) and for individuals with T2D not treated with insulin, par-ticularly for those with glycated hemoglobin levels≥7%. From a pharmacoeconomic perspective, outcomes were positive in both patient groups.
Conclusion CGM represents a clinically effective and cost-efficient approach to optimizing glycemic control in T2D, becom-ing mandatory among individuals on insulin therapy. Our findings support a shift in clinical practice toward the more widespread use of CGM in T2D, with regulatory frameworks and reimbursement policies needing to adapt accordingly.
Keywords CGM · Type 2 Diabetes · Metanalysis · PICO · GRADE · Guidelines
Communicated by Massimo Federici, M.D.
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1 Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS and Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
2 Azienda USL of Modena, Sassuolo Hospital, Sassuolo, Italy
3 Diabetes and Diabetic Foot Care Unit, ASUGI, Monfalcone, Italy
4 National Board Member of FAND (Italian Association for the Rights of Diabetic People), Roma, Italy
5 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, AO SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy
6 Order of Psychologists of Lazio, Rome, Italy
7 Italian Society of General Medicine (SIMG), Florence, Italy
8 Territorial Diabetology Unit, AUSL Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
9 Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
10 Diabetes Unit, Niguarda Cà Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy
11 Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
12 Institute of Management, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
13 Patient Advocacy Lab, ALTEMS – Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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引用本文:简喜超, 简扬, 邓呈亮. 2025版《中国糖尿病足防治实践指南》解读[J]. 中华医学美学美容杂志, 2026, 32(2): 99-103. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn114657-20251215-00266.
通信作者:邓呈亮,Email:该Email地址已收到反垃圾邮件插件保护。要显示它您需要在浏览器中启用JavaScript。
原创: 黄小依 糖尿病之友
天气变冷,很多人都会在晚上装上满满的一盆热水来泡脚,既能防寒保暖、解乏,又有利于睡眠,还可以改善身体的血液循环,促进代谢,泡完脚后整个人都觉得轻松舒适。然而,对于泡脚这件看似再平常不过的小事,糖友朋友可就需要谨慎了,万一一个不注意就容易由泡脚引发糖尿病足,得不偿失。
现在科里的“烂脚”患者李大爷就是血淋淋的例子。
李大爷是一个糖尿病病史十多年的老病友了,平时血糖控制就一般。一个月前的某一天,李大爷从超市买了个泡脚盆回来,当天晚上就兴致勃勃的开始了他的“家庭足疗”事业。3天后,李大爷突然发现足背有点小破皮,但他并没有太理会,继续泡了几天脚后,才觉得不对劲,伤口越来越大,并且开始红肿、溃烂。到我们科来就诊的时候,李大爷足背的伤口足足有7*5*1cm3(长*宽*深),而且局部红肿、溃烂,还渗脓液。
李大爷这伤口已经是典型的糖尿病足了,大家都知道一旦得了糖尿病足,溃疡进展是很快的,而且很难愈合,所以李大爷就因为这伤口在我们科住了半个多月,还没有痊愈,可以说是“一失足成千古恨”。
那么,糖尿病患者泡脚需要注意什么才能避免糖尿病足的发生呢?
相当一部分糖尿病患者足部温度觉减弱或丧失,很容易被热水烫伤;一定不能用太热的水烫脚。临床上可以看到糖尿病患者在37℃以上的水温时会出现水疱,所以糖尿病病人泡脚能适应的水温比正常人低,以37℃为宜。
对糖尿病患者来说,试水温也可能出现偏差,建议家属在患者泡脚前为其试水温。如果没有他人帮忙,患者可以应用水温计测量温度,以免出现烫伤。
泡脚过程中身体会消耗很多热量,泡脚时间过长,不仅不会增加疗效,反而容易引起疲乏,甚至会引发虚汗,造成虚脱。
因此,糖尿病患者每次泡脚时间不宜过长,以15分钟左右最为适宜,临睡前效果更佳。
空腹状态下糖原贮存量较少,这时泡脚容易导致血糖过低;饭后立即用热水泡脚,足部血管扩张,使本该流向消化系统的血液转而流向下肢。消化系统供血减少,影响胃肠道正常功能,而导致胃部不适。饭后立即泡脚还会加速身体的血液循环,造成头晕、头痛等现象。
可以肯定的是,合理、科学、正规的辨证中药泡脚可以起到温经通络的作用,对于预防糖尿病下肢血管病变及糖尿病足具有很好的效果。但是部分患者自行购买一些刺激性比较强的中药或其他成分不明的药物泡脚,或者到不正规的按摩保健“诊所”进行“祖传秘方”的“传统治疗”,这种刺激性过强的药物容易导致足部皮肤受损,出现肤色变暗、红肿、干裂、破溃等,最终发展成为糖尿病足。
因此,糖尿病患者要避免使用刺激性过强的药物泡脚。
我们都知道,潮湿,闷热的环境最容易滋生细菌和真菌,造成感染,出现脚气。脚气是造成脚部皮肤损伤的主要因素之一,若合并细菌感染将会很难控制,可能出现严重后果。
糖尿病患者泡完脚后,一定要用干毛巾将脚部擦干,同时注意动作务必要轻柔。
糖尿病患者由于自主神经病变,出汗减少,足部皮肤干燥,特别是足跟部,容易出现皲裂,并可进一步形成溃疡,继发感染。泡脚后可涂抹羊脂或植物油类润肤霜,反复轻柔地按摩皮肤,以保持皮肤的润滑。
需要修趾甲的糖友,也必须在泡脚后趾甲较软时再修剪,趾甲要平剪,不能剪成圆形,以免伤及甲沟。
这些注意事项,糖尿病患者一定要牢记,避免给自己的身体惹麻烦。
作者:黄小依
伤口世界平台生态圈,以“关爱人间所有伤口患者”为愿景,连接、整合和拓展线上和线下的管理慢性伤口的资源,倡导远程、就近和居家管理慢性伤口,解决伤口专家的碎片化时间的价值创造、诊疗经验的裂变复制、和患者的就近、居家和低成本管理慢性伤口的问题。
2019广东省医疗行业协会伤口管理分会年会
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