A.Giaccari1 · G. Gliozzo1 · G. Ciccarelli1 · G. Di Giuseppe1 · C. Castellano2 · S. Cum3 · L. Delle Monache4,13 · M. Gallo5 ·M.Lastretti6 · G. Medea7 · M. Monesi8 · R. Napoli9 · B. Pintaudi10 · E. Succurro11 · G. Turchetti
Received: 9 January 2026 / Accepted: 17 March 2026 © The Author(s) 2026
Abstract
Background and aims Although continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices are now standard of care among Type 1 diabetes patients, they are still relatively underutilized in Type 2 diabetes (T2D), particularly in those patients not treated with insulin. Widespread adoption continues to be hindered by a combination of factors. Chief among these is the scarcity of long-term, large-scale clinical trials demonstrating the benefits of the use of CGM in T2D. This meta-analysis aimed to address this gap by comparing CGM with self-blood glucose monitoring (SBMG), with primary outcomes of HbA1c and time in range (TIR) in insulin-treated and non-insulin-treated TD2 patients.
Methods and results Following the stringent rules mandated by our National Health Service (which requires a panel com-posed of all stakeholders involved in diabetes treatment, and includes PICO, GRADE, AGREE, and meta-analyses), we performed a systematic review of RCTs that enrolled two groups of individuals with T2D, those treated with insulin (includ-ing basal and basal-bolus regimens), and those receiving treatments other than insulin. All included trials compared CGM with structured blood glucose monitoring (SBGM) with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) as the main endpoint. Based on the strength and consistency of the evidence, the panel issued a strong recommendation in favor of CGM for individuals with T2D treated with insulin (including those on basal insulin alone) and for individuals with T2D not treated with insulin, par-ticularly for those with glycated hemoglobin levels≥7%. From a pharmacoeconomic perspective, outcomes were positive in both patient groups.
Conclusion CGM represents a clinically effective and cost-efficient approach to optimizing glycemic control in T2D, becom-ing mandatory among individuals on insulin therapy. Our findings support a shift in clinical practice toward the more widespread use of CGM in T2D, with regulatory frameworks and reimbursement policies needing to adapt accordingly.
Keywords CGM · Type 2 Diabetes · Metanalysis · PICO · GRADE · Guidelines
Communicated by Massimo Federici, M.D.
A. Giaccari 该Email地址已收到反垃圾邮件插件保护。要显示它您需要在浏览器中启用JavaScript。
1 Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS and Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
2 Azienda USL of Modena, Sassuolo Hospital, Sassuolo, Italy
3 Diabetes and Diabetic Foot Care Unit, ASUGI, Monfalcone, Italy
4 National Board Member of FAND (Italian Association for the Rights of Diabetic People), Roma, Italy
5 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, AO SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy
6 Order of Psychologists of Lazio, Rome, Italy
7 Italian Society of General Medicine (SIMG), Florence, Italy
8 Territorial Diabetology Unit, AUSL Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
9 Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
10 Diabetes Unit, Niguarda Cà Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy
11 Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
12 Institute of Management, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
13 Patient Advocacy Lab, ALTEMS – Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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引用本文:简喜超, 简扬, 邓呈亮. 2025版《中国糖尿病足防治实践指南》解读[J]. 中华医学美学美容杂志, 2026, 32(2): 99-103. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn114657-20251215-00266.
通信作者:邓呈亮,Email:该Email地址已收到反垃圾邮件插件保护。要显示它您需要在浏览器中启用JavaScript。
原创: 何小蓉 糖尿病之友
运动疗法作为治疗糖尿病的五驾马车之一,在糖尿病治疗中占重要位置。长期规律运动既能降低体重和内脏脂肪的堆积,改善机体对胰岛素的敏感性,优化血糖和血压的控制,调节血脂异常,又能改善心血管的健康,减轻糖尿病患者心血管疾病发生的危险。
运动的益处如此之多,但是糖友在运动前应该注意做好运动前的准备,才能保证运动过程中的安全和有效。下面我从以下8个方面进行介绍。
01
先确定运动方案
医生会根据心肺功能、关节肌肉情况、糖尿病并发症方面的相关检查确定运动方案,根据糖友的具体情况选择运动方式。
新发糖尿病的青年糖友,如果肥胖超重应该选择减重的无氧运动,如果体重过低的应该选择一些增加肌肉的无氧运动。对于老年人、糖尿病病程长的、有并发症的糖友,只能选择简单的有氧运动。
02
密切关注运动前血糖水平
根据《中国2型糖尿病防治指南》要求,采用生活方式干预控制糖尿病的患者,可根据需要有目的地通过血糖监测了解饮食控制和运动对血糖的影响,来调整饮食和运动。
血糖监测是糖尿病友运动的指标之一,血糖控制极差且伴有急性并发症或严重慢性并发症时,慎重运动治疗。运动前后要加强血糖监测,运动量大或激烈运动时建议患者临时调整饮食及药物治疗方案,以免发生低血糖。
空腹血糖大于13.9mmol/L,且出现酮体,应避免运动。
空腹血糖>16.7 mmol/L、反复低血糖或血糖波动较大、有DKA等急性代谢并发症、合并急性感染、增殖性视网膜病变、严重肾病、严重心脑血管疾病(不稳定性心绞痛、严重心律失常、一过性脑缺血发作)等情况下禁忌运动,病情控制稳定后方可逐步恢复运动。
血糖小于5.6mmol/L,运动前应食用碳水化物后复查血糖无低血糖方可运动,避免在运动中出现低血糖。
03
选择好运动场所
运动场所的选择很重要,要安全,通风良好,夏天运动应带好毛巾和水,去公园、广场、大型小区等地方,应避免在坑洼不平,石子多的场所运动,以免摔跤,尤其是老年糖尿病病友,常常伴有骨质疏松易发生骨折。
冬天天气寒冷,易发生感冒或呼吸道感染,应选择在室内运动。
04
胰岛素注射部位要合适
注射胰岛素的病友运动时,注射部位应选择在腹部,因为在手臂和大腿注射胰岛素,运动过程中会因活动大,加速机体对葡萄糖的摄取而造成低血糖。
05
着装合理
衣裤的选择:宜穿宽松、透气性好的衣裤。
鞋袜的选择:选择大小合适、圆头、防滑、透气性好、搭扣的鞋,鞋底不宜太薄,鞋子内部应较足本身长1-2厘米。穿鞋前应检查鞋里是否存在粗糙的接缝或异物。对于新鞋,穿20-30分钟后应脱下,检查双脚是否有压红的痕迹。袜子选用浅色棉袜,袜口不要太松或太紧,不要穿破损的袜子。
冬天天气寒冷,易发生感冒或呼吸道感染,建议戴上手套、口罩。
06
携带必要物品
携带含糖饮料或固体食物,在运动过程中,如果出现头晕、心慌、出冷汗等低血糖反应,应立即停止运动,就地休息,适量补充含糖饮料或食物,防止低血糖的发生。
携带糖尿病急救卡。
户外运动要携带水,注意水分的补充,避免中暑。
07
做热身运动
运动前应常规做热身运动,避免运动过程中损伤。
08
要结伴而行
运动前应邀请家人或是朋友一同前往,既能增加运动乐趣,又可以减少避免发生意外。
作者:何小蓉 护师
审校:向建平 主任医师
单位:
怀化市第一人民医院内分泌科
国家标准化代谢性疾病管理中心怀化分中心(MMC)
国家代谢性疾病医学临床研究中心怀化分中心
怀化市糖尿病康复协会
伤口世界平台生态圈,以“关爱人间所有伤口患者”为愿景,连接、整合和拓展线上和线下的管理慢性伤口的资源,倡导远程、就近和居家管理慢性伤口,解决伤口专家的碎片化时间的价值创造、诊疗经验的裂变复制、和患者的就近、居家和低成本管理慢性伤口的问题。
2019广东省医疗行业协会伤口管理分会年会
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