A.Giaccari1 · G. Gliozzo1 · G. Ciccarelli1 · G. Di Giuseppe1 · C. Castellano2 · S. Cum3 · L. Delle Monache4,13 · M. Gallo5 ·M.Lastretti6 · G. Medea7 · M. Monesi8 · R. Napoli9 · B. Pintaudi10 · E. Succurro11 · G. Turchetti
Received: 9 January 2026 / Accepted: 17 March 2026 © The Author(s) 2026
Abstract
Background and aims Although continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices are now standard of care among Type 1 diabetes patients, they are still relatively underutilized in Type 2 diabetes (T2D), particularly in those patients not treated with insulin. Widespread adoption continues to be hindered by a combination of factors. Chief among these is the scarcity of long-term, large-scale clinical trials demonstrating the benefits of the use of CGM in T2D. This meta-analysis aimed to address this gap by comparing CGM with self-blood glucose monitoring (SBMG), with primary outcomes of HbA1c and time in range (TIR) in insulin-treated and non-insulin-treated TD2 patients.
Methods and results Following the stringent rules mandated by our National Health Service (which requires a panel com-posed of all stakeholders involved in diabetes treatment, and includes PICO, GRADE, AGREE, and meta-analyses), we performed a systematic review of RCTs that enrolled two groups of individuals with T2D, those treated with insulin (includ-ing basal and basal-bolus regimens), and those receiving treatments other than insulin. All included trials compared CGM with structured blood glucose monitoring (SBGM) with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) as the main endpoint. Based on the strength and consistency of the evidence, the panel issued a strong recommendation in favor of CGM for individuals with T2D treated with insulin (including those on basal insulin alone) and for individuals with T2D not treated with insulin, par-ticularly for those with glycated hemoglobin levels≥7%. From a pharmacoeconomic perspective, outcomes were positive in both patient groups.
Conclusion CGM represents a clinically effective and cost-efficient approach to optimizing glycemic control in T2D, becom-ing mandatory among individuals on insulin therapy. Our findings support a shift in clinical practice toward the more widespread use of CGM in T2D, with regulatory frameworks and reimbursement policies needing to adapt accordingly.
Keywords CGM · Type 2 Diabetes · Metanalysis · PICO · GRADE · Guidelines
Communicated by Massimo Federici, M.D.
A. Giaccari 该Email地址已收到反垃圾邮件插件保护。要显示它您需要在浏览器中启用JavaScript。
1 Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS and Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
2 Azienda USL of Modena, Sassuolo Hospital, Sassuolo, Italy
3 Diabetes and Diabetic Foot Care Unit, ASUGI, Monfalcone, Italy
4 National Board Member of FAND (Italian Association for the Rights of Diabetic People), Roma, Italy
5 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, AO SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy
6 Order of Psychologists of Lazio, Rome, Italy
7 Italian Society of General Medicine (SIMG), Florence, Italy
8 Territorial Diabetology Unit, AUSL Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
9 Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
10 Diabetes Unit, Niguarda Cà Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy
11 Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
12 Institute of Management, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
13 Patient Advocacy Lab, ALTEMS – Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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引用本文：简喜超, 简扬, 邓呈亮. 2025版《中国糖尿病足防治实践指南》解读[J]. 中华医学美学美容杂志, 2026, 32(2): 99-103. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn114657-20251215-00266.
通信作者：邓呈亮，Email：该Email地址已收到反垃圾邮件插件保护。要显示它您需要在浏览器中启用JavaScript。
Zhiyong Wang1†, Hailin Xu1†, Hao Yang1†, Yi Zhang3 , Xiaoyan Wang1 , Peng Wang1 , Zhongye Xu1 ,Dongming Lv1 , Yanchao Rong1 , Yunxian Dong4 , Bing Tang1 , Zhicheng Hu1*, Wuguo Deng2* and Jiayuan Zhu1*
Background The composite transplantation of a split-thickness skin graft (STSG) combined with an acellular dermal matrix (ADM) is a promising repair method for full-thickness skin defects. Due to delayed vascularization of the ADM, no currently available engineered skin tissue is able to permanently cover full-thickness skin defects via a single-stage procedure. Epidermal stem cells (EpSCs) have been found to promote angiogenesis in the wound bed. Whether EpSCs can induce early angiogenesis of dermal substitutes and promote the survival of single-stage tissue-engineered skin transplantation needs to be further studied.
Methods In vitro, rat vascular endothelial cells (RVECs) were treated with the supernatant of EpSCs cultured in ADM and stimulated for 48 h. RVECs were analysed by RNA sequencing and tube formation assays. For the in vivo experiment, 75 rats were randomly divided into five groups: ADM, ADM+EpSCs (AE), STSG, ADM+STSG (AS), and ADM+STSG+EpSCs (ASE) groups. The quality of wound healing was estimated by general observation and H&E and Masson staining. The blood perfusion volume was evaluated using the LDPI system, and the expression of vascular markers was determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC).
Results The active substances secreted by EpSCs cultured in ADM promoted angiogenesis, as shown by tube formation experiments and RNA-seq. EpSCs promoted epithelialization of the ADM and vascularization of the ADM implant. The ASE group showed significantly increased skin graft survival, reduced skin contraction, and an improved cosmetic appearance compared with the AS group and the STSG control group.
† Zhiyong Wang, Hailin Xu and Hao Yang contributed equally to this work
*Correspondence:
Zhicheng Hu 该Email地址已收到反垃圾邮件插件保护。要显示它您需要在浏览器中启用JavaScript。
Wuguo Deng 该Email地址已收到反垃圾邮件插件保护。要显示它您需要在浏览器中启用JavaScript。
Jiayuan Zhu 该Email地址已收到反垃圾邮件插件保护。要显示它您需要在浏览器中启用JavaScript。 Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
© The Author(s) 2023. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.
Conclusions In summary, our findings suggest that EpSCs promote the formation of new blood vessels in dermal substitutes and support one-step transplantation of tissue-engineered skin, and thereby provide new ideas for clinical
Keywords Epidermal stem cells, Acellular dermal matrix, Tissue-engineered skin, Vascularization, Angiogenesis
Community nurses play a vital role in the healthcare system, touching the lives of individuals across their lifespan. With a variety of job titles and opportunities for specialisation, these dedicated professionals continue to make a profound impact on patient care. This article will focus on district nurses and the challenges they face. It will also explore the impact non-healing wounds can have on patients and how implementing a comprehensive treatment pathway can effectively address the challenges encountered by community nurses in their day-to-day practice.
KEY WORDS
Community nurses;
Non-healing wounds;
Patient care;
Real world challenges
JEANETTE MILNE
Associate Director of Nursing Delivery; Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust
This article and the best practice statement were sponsored by Smith+Nephew. The views presented in this document are the work of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of Smith+Nephew.
Aligned with the importance of weight management for people with type 2 diabetes, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) 83rd Scientific Sessions this year showcased new and existing drug treatments for obesity, some of which also provide significant glucose-lowering in people with type 2 diabetes. In the late-breaking Weight Loss Innovations session on 25 June, Dr Robert Gabbay, Chief Scientific and Medical Officer for the ADA, described “an explosion of promising new research and innovations in recent years”, and stated that the studies presented at this year’s annual meeting “are game changers in the way we customise treatment for individuals with obesity and those with type 2 diabetes”. In this report from the Sessions, Pam Brown highlights the latest developments in pharmacotherapy for weight loss and glucose lowering.
It is widely acknowledged that compression therapy is an effective treatment option for the management of lower limb conditions; however, it is not always applied appropriately by clinicians. A lack of knowledge and clinical uncertainty, coupled with increased workload and reduced time with patients, can contribute to inappropriate decisions being made in regard to compression. This article investigates the adoption of the Hosiery Hunter® app (medi UK) and its role in guiding decision-making within clinical practice. The Hosiery Hunter® app is a novel mobile application designed to simplify the selection of medical compression hosiery for patients with lower limb conditions. Based on qualitative data from a user feedback survey, it was found that the Hosiery Hunter® app helped simplify the process of selecting the most appropriate compression therapy, saved time and provided quick and timely access to codes for prescription. All nurses surveyed agreed that they would continue using the app and would recommend it to a colleague. This article sheds light on the challenges clinicians face in the selection of compression therapy, and explores the effectiveness of adopting the Hosiery Hunter® app in support of providing appropriate, safe and effective care for all patients.
Chronic oedema
Compression
Mobile application
Venous insufficiency
GEORGINA RITCHIE Director of Education, Accelerate CIC
HAYLEY TURNER-DOBBIN Clinical Delivery Lead Wound Care, Research and Development, Accelerate CIC
伤口世界平台生态圈，以“关爱人间所有伤口患者”为愿景，连接、整合和拓展线上和线下的管理慢性伤口的资源，倡导远程、就近和居家管理慢性伤口，解决伤口专家的碎片化时间的价值创造、诊疗经验的裂变复制、和患者的就近、居家和低成本管理慢性伤口的问题。
2019广东省医疗行业协会伤口管理分会年会
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