A.Giaccari1 · G. Gliozzo1 · G. Ciccarelli1 · G. Di Giuseppe1 · C. Castellano2 · S. Cum3 · L. Delle Monache4,13 · M. Gallo5 ·M.Lastretti6 · G. Medea7 · M. Monesi8 · R. Napoli9 · B. Pintaudi10 · E. Succurro11 · G. Turchetti
Received: 9 January 2026 / Accepted: 17 March 2026 © The Author(s) 2026
Abstract
Background and aims Although continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices are now standard of care among Type 1 diabetes patients, they are still relatively underutilized in Type 2 diabetes (T2D), particularly in those patients not treated with insulin. Widespread adoption continues to be hindered by a combination of factors. Chief among these is the scarcity of long-term, large-scale clinical trials demonstrating the benefits of the use of CGM in T2D. This meta-analysis aimed to address this gap by comparing CGM with self-blood glucose monitoring (SBMG), with primary outcomes of HbA1c and time in range (TIR) in insulin-treated and non-insulin-treated TD2 patients.
Methods and results Following the stringent rules mandated by our National Health Service (which requires a panel com-posed of all stakeholders involved in diabetes treatment, and includes PICO, GRADE, AGREE, and meta-analyses), we performed a systematic review of RCTs that enrolled two groups of individuals with T2D, those treated with insulin (includ-ing basal and basal-bolus regimens), and those receiving treatments other than insulin. All included trials compared CGM with structured blood glucose monitoring (SBGM) with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) as the main endpoint. Based on the strength and consistency of the evidence, the panel issued a strong recommendation in favor of CGM for individuals with T2D treated with insulin (including those on basal insulin alone) and for individuals with T2D not treated with insulin, par-ticularly for those with glycated hemoglobin levels≥7%. From a pharmacoeconomic perspective, outcomes were positive in both patient groups.
Conclusion CGM represents a clinically effective and cost-efficient approach to optimizing glycemic control in T2D, becom-ing mandatory among individuals on insulin therapy. Our findings support a shift in clinical practice toward the more widespread use of CGM in T2D, with regulatory frameworks and reimbursement policies needing to adapt accordingly.
Keywords CGM · Type 2 Diabetes · Metanalysis · PICO · GRADE · Guidelines
Communicated by Massimo Federici, M.D.
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1 Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS and Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
2 Azienda USL of Modena, Sassuolo Hospital, Sassuolo, Italy
3 Diabetes and Diabetic Foot Care Unit, ASUGI, Monfalcone, Italy
4 National Board Member of FAND (Italian Association for the Rights of Diabetic People), Roma, Italy
5 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, AO SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy
6 Order of Psychologists of Lazio, Rome, Italy
7 Italian Society of General Medicine (SIMG), Florence, Italy
8 Territorial Diabetology Unit, AUSL Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
9 Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
10 Diabetes Unit, Niguarda Cà Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy
11 Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
12 Institute of Management, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
13 Patient Advocacy Lab, ALTEMS – Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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引用本文:简喜超, 简扬, 邓呈亮. 2025版《中国糖尿病足防治实践指南》解读[J]. 中华医学美学美容杂志, 2026, 32(2): 99-103. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn114657-20251215-00266.
通信作者:邓呈亮,Email:该Email地址已收到反垃圾邮件插件保护。要显示它您需要在浏览器中启用JavaScript。
原创: 医脉通 医脉通内分泌科
导读
2型糖尿病会导致严重的并发症,所以尽早识别糖尿病“警告标志”并积极采取相关措施可带来较大健康获益。有时,糖尿病诊断时患者并未察觉任何症状。事实上大约1/3的2型糖尿病患者并不知道自身患有糖尿病。早期发现,尽早治疗是预防疾病恶化的重要策略。
原创: 国际糖尿病 idiabetes 4月12日
糖尿病是卒中的独立危险因素,糖尿病患者患缺血性卒中的风险是非糖尿病人群的1.33倍[1]。糖尿病和卒中之间有何联系?哪些症状是卒中的警告信号?卒中如何预防?预后如何?本文将带您一探糖尿病与卒中之机遇与挑战。
原创: 李融融 肖新华 idiabetes
营养管理是糖尿病长期管理“五驾马车”中非常重要的基础治疗,也是承载及联系患者教育、自我监测、药物治疗的重要枢纽。医学营养治疗(Medical nutritional therapy,MNT)的概念最早由美国糖尿病协会(American Diabetes Association,ADA)于1994年提出[1],明确了糖尿病临床治疗过程中营养治疗的重要性与其工作流程。此后随着药物治疗的不断推陈出新,营养治疗的观念和临床实践也在不断进步和更新。MNT在糖尿病预防、治疗及并发症防治的重要地位,日益为大家所认识。目前各个学术指南都已明确,医学营养治疗是糖尿病治疗的重要措施,包括个体化营养评估、营养诊断和营养计划制定。患者教育与自我管理,往往很大程度也是围绕着合理的营养管理来进行。新诊断糖尿病患者的营养知识和原则教育,常常基于各类营养素成分的摄入、生活方式及进食规律的合理安排来进行。应根据文化背景、生活方式、血糖控制方法及状况、经济条件和教育程度进行合理的个体化膳食安排和相应的营养教育。
随着经济的发展、老龄化的加快,糖尿病发病率逐年攀升。不仅中国,糖尿病在世界范围内亟待解决。面对这“甜蜜的负担”,我们该如何应对?2015年11月28日,在2015年中国慢性病大会期间,上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院、上海市内分泌代谢病研究所毕宇芳教授从以下三方面进行解答。
伤口世界平台生态圈,以“关爱人间所有伤口患者”为愿景,连接、整合和拓展线上和线下的管理慢性伤口的资源,倡导远程、就近和居家管理慢性伤口,解决伤口专家的碎片化时间的价值创造、诊疗经验的裂变复制、和患者的就近、居家和低成本管理慢性伤口的问题。
2019广东省医疗行业协会伤口管理分会年会
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