Katja F. Skovbjerg1 *† , Julie C. Antvorskov1 *† , Lonny M. Stokholm2,3, Tine D. Bille1 , Nis Andersen 4 , Jens Andresen 4 , Toke Bek 5 , Javad Hajar 6 , Ryo Kawasaki 2,7, Caroline S. Laugesen 8 , Sören Möller 2,3, Frederik N. Pedersen2,9, Katja C. Schielke10, Anne S. Thykjær Petersen2,9,11 12, Flemming Pociot 1,13, Jakob Grauslund2,9,11 and Steffen Heegaard14,15,16
1Department of Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark, 2Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark, 3Open Patient
Data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark, 4Organization of Danish Practicing Ophthalmologists, Copenhagen, Denmark, 5Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark, 6Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark, 7 Division of Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University Hospital, Osaka, Japan, 8Department of Ophthalmology, Zealand University Hospital Roskilde, Roskilde, Denmark, 9Department of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark, 10Department of Ophthalmology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark, 11Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark, 12 Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark, 13Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, 14Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark, 15Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark, 16Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a recognized risk factor for cancer, yet the relationship between diabetes type and tumor risk remains unclear. This study aimed to estimate the overall tumor burden, including benign, premalignant, and malignant tumors, in individuals with type 1 and type 2 diabete
Methods: In this nationwide cohort study spanning 23 years (1999–2022), data on diabetes diagnosis, tumor development, and potential confounding variables were retrieved from multiple Danish national health registries. The cohort included more than 6.5 million individuals and 128,647 tumor events among individuals with diabetes. Crude and adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated using Cox regression.
Results: For individuals with type 1 diabetes, adjusted HRs indicated no association for overall tumor development compared to individuals without diabetes. For individuals with type 2 diabetes, adjusted HRs suggested a slightly decreased hazard for overall tumor development compared to individuals without diabetes. When excluding tumors in the skin, the association between type 1 and type 2 diabetes and overall tumor development, suggested an increased hazard compared with individuals without diabetes. Our exploratory sub-analyses were stratified by tumor topography based on Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine (SNOMED) codes. Among individuals with type 1 diabetes, eight of 28 tumor groups showed reduced hazard, including the pancreas, bile ducts, and kidney. For type 2 diabetes, one group showed reduced hazard, while 22 groups, including the heart, blood vessels, and liver, showed increased hazard. Estimates from exploratory analyses should be interpreted with caution.
Discussion: Our findings provide population-level evidence that advances our understanding of the possible complex metabolic links between diabetes and tumor development. Further exploration of SNOMED-based tumor classifications in future studies may provide valuable knowledge on pathological differences and refine future tumor and cancer surveillance strategies in individuals with diabetes
KEYWORDS
cancer, diabetes, diabetes mellitus, neoplasm, pathology, T1DM, T2DM, tumor
OPEN ACCESS
EDITED BY Weijun Peng, Central South University, China
REVIEWED BY E´ va Csajbo´ k, University of Szeged, Hungary Abdullah Al Marzan, Dhaka Medical College and Hospital, Bangladesh
*CORRESPONDENCE Katja F. Skovbjerg 该Email地址已收到反垃圾邮件插件保护。要显示它您需要在浏览器中启用JavaScript。 Julie C. Antvorskov 该Email地址已收到反垃圾邮件插件保护。要显示它您需要在浏览器中启用JavaScript。 †
These authors have contributed equally to this work and share first authorship
RECEIVED 14 October 2025
REVISED 02 December 2025
ACCEPTED 09 December 2025
PUBLISHED 07 January 2026
CITATION
Skovbjerg KF, Antvorskov JC, Stokholm LM, Bille TD, Andersen N, Andresen J, Bek T, Hajar J, Kawasaki R, Laugesen CS, Möller S, Pedersen FN, Schielke KC, Thykjær Petersen AS, Pociot F, Grauslund J and Heegaard S (2026) Diabetes and tumor risk: a 23-year Danish national cohort study. Front. Endocrinol. 16:1725065. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2025.1725065
COPYRIGHT
© 2026 Skovbjerg, Antvorskov, Stokholm, Bille, Andersen, Andresen, Bek, Hajar, Kawasaki, Laugesen, Möller, Pedersen, Schielke, Thykjær Petersen, Pociot, Grauslund and Heegaard. Thisis an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction, is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
樊潇霄a,b,# , 杨杰c,# , 倪沪桅b,# , 夏启铭a , 刘孝龙a , 吴天翔b , 李霖c , Paras N. Prasad d , 刘超c, * , 林辉a,e,f, * , 钱骏a,b, *
a Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
b Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research & International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
c Department of Orthopedics, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
d Institute for Lasers, Photonics, and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-3000, USA
e Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Cognitive Healthcare, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
f College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
摘要 近红外二区（NIR-II; 900~1880 nm）窗口的光学成像，是目前生物医学成像领域的热门研究课题。本研究 旨在探索 NIR-II荧光成像在足踝外科手术中的应用价值。我们开发了一套实验室自建的NIR-II荧光手 术导航系统，并将其用于足踝外科手术导航。相比于近红外一区（NIR-I）荧光图像，该系统获得的NIR-II 荧光图像，拥有更高空间频率的信息以及更高的信号背景比（SBR）。本文的研究结果表明，NIR-II成像 可为外科医生提供对比度更高、探测深度更大的图像。本研究纳入了三种临床应用场景（糖尿病足、跟骨 骨折以及下肢创伤）。利用NIR-II荧光成像技术，我们在糖尿病足出现形态学改变前就观察到了缺血区 域，精准定位了手术切口中缺血区域的边界，并全面评估了皮瓣的血供情况。NIR-II荧光成像能够帮助 外科医生精确判断手术切缘，提早发现缺血性病变，并动态追踪灌注过程。我们认为，便携且可靠的 NIR-II荧光成像设备以及更多功能性荧光探针，可在精准手术中发挥关键作用。 © 2024 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier LTD on behalf of Chinese Academy of Engineering and Higher Education Press Limited Company. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
关键词 近红外二区荧光成像 足踝外科手术 吲哚菁绿 影像引导手术
A R T I C L E I N F O
Article history: Received 19 January 2024 Revised 11 April 2024 Accepted 14 April 2024 Available online 26 April 2024
伤口世界平台生态圈，以“关爱人间所有伤口患者”为愿景，连接、整合和拓展线上和线下的管理慢性伤口的资源，倡导远程、就近和居家管理慢性伤口，解决伤口专家的碎片化时间的价值创造、诊疗经验的裂变复制、和患者的就近、居家和低成本管理慢性伤口的问题。
2019广东省医疗行业协会伤口管理分会年会
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